Three decades, one leader – how Eritreans had their hopes dashed
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After 32 years in power, Eritrea’s President Isaias Afwerki remains entrenched as hopes for democracy fade.
A Promising Rebel Turned Autocrat
Once hailed as a reformist, Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki marked 32 years in power this year—far from the democratic ideals he once championed. From a charismatic independence leader to an unyielding autocrat, his evolution has dashed the hopes of millions.
A Leader Beyond Reach
Now 79, Isaias resides on a rural hillside estate 20km from the capital, Asmara. There, he receives visitors like a monarch—foreign diplomats, local officials, and desperate citizens hoping for a miracle. Since 2018, his cabinet hasn’t met, and all state power flows through his office alone.
From Revolutionary Hero to President
Isaias rose to fame in 1991 after his Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) helped defeat Ethiopia. He became head of state following formal independence in 1993. Then seen as a bold new African leader, he criticized long-ruling presidents and promised democracy—a vow that earned him global praise, including an invite to the White House in 1995.
The Constitution That Never Lived
Eritrea ratified a progressive constitution in 1997. Isaias, initially a “transitional president,” was expected to pave the way for democratic elections. But war with Ethiopia in 1998 delayed the elections—and that delay became indefinite. Critics argue the war gave him an excuse to tighten his grip on power.
Internal Calls for Reform Silenced
By 2001, discontent among officials grew. Fifteen senior figures, known as the G-15, issued an open letter urging constitutional governance. But in September that year—while global attention focused on the 9/11 attacks—Isaias cracked down. He arrested the G-15 and shuttered all independent media. None of those detained have been seen since.
Democracy Shut Down
Despite earlier progress toward political pluralism, the promise of elections was crushed. Isaias himself admitted in 2001 he had no interest in forming or joining a political party, calling the democratic process a “mess” and equating the ruling PFDJ with the nation itself.
International Isolation and Dissolution of Governance
By 2002, Isaias unofficially dissolved the transitional national assembly. In 2018, he did the same with his cabinet. Ministries like defence remain leaderless, while others are run by aging loyalists with no real power. Isaias’s rejection of accountability has rendered state institutions hollow.
Coup Attempt and New Constitution That Never Was
In 2013, a group of army officers launched a failed coup, demanding implementation of the 1997 constitution and release of political prisoners. A brief broadcast was cut mid-air. Some participants were detained or killed. A year later, Isaias declared the old constitution “dead” and promised a new one. No progress has followed.
Declining Economy and Repressive Rule
The World Bank describes Eritrea’s economy as weak, state-controlled, and underdeveloped. Isaias admitted economic stagnation in a 2023 interview. Yet he refuses humanitarian aid, fearing dependence. National service continues indefinitely for youth—justified by ongoing tensions with neighbours, but widely seen as a tool of oppression.
A Nation in Flight
With no political freedom, indefinite conscription, and a crumbling economy, Eritreans continue to flee. Over the past 20 years, hundreds of thousands have crossed borders seeking refuge. Eritreans now make up one of the largest groups granted asylum in the UK.
No Succession Plan in Sight
Isaias reportedly tried to groom his son as successor, but a 2018 cabinet meeting opposed the idea. With no clear heir or strong opposition, the country’s future looks uncertain. Many fear a leadership vacuum once Isaias exits the stage.
A President Holding the Nation Together—or Hostage?
Critics like former ambassador Zeraslasie Shiker argue Isaias never believed in democracy. He eliminated rivals early and rules by dismantling all political and social institutions. “The president’s office is what’s holding the country from collapse,” he warns.
The Long Wait for Change
Seen at an Easter service this year, Isaias kissed a cross—an act some viewed as symbolic. But his Independence Day speech offered no mention of political reform. Eritreans remain trapped in a cycle of fear, exile, and hope deferred, as their aging leader clings to power with no clear end in sight.
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